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Class notes, Québec studies -- 9-APR-2008
Current events
-Every class period, we will begin with a discussion about current events in Québec.
Last week, Québec City's Armouries in the historic district burned to the ground. The beautiful and historic 1880s building belonged to the Federal government, not the city or province, and the fire has sparked a debate about who should pay to have the building restored. Separatists in Québec say that they do not want to pay to have the building restored, because it is federal property, and because it is a symbol of British colonialisation in Québec.
There is renewed debate in Montréal around the use of English in city and provincial services. Even though Québec is officially French monolingual, anglophones now outnumber francophones in Montréal, and controversy surrounds the governments' willingness to accommodate the English-speakers.
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PART I
Historico-Institutional Context of Québec from "Nouvelle-France"
to the end of the Duplessis reign, 1534-1959
===================================================================
===================================================================
1534 - Jacques Cartier lands on the St. Lawrence River. He had been commissioned by King Francis I of France to find a western passage to Asia. Instead, he found (and named) Canada. Canada was the first province of the French colony of Nouvelle France ("New France").
Between 1534 and 1598, other French vessels -- especially fishing vessels -- began to explore the area and make alliances with the First Nations.
In 1564, the French also settled in Florida, at Fort Caroline, but the Spanish drove them out.
No passage to Asia was ever found, but fur was plentiful (especially valuable beaver fur), and so the French began to settle in Canada.
Trading posts began in the 1580s, but not inhabited year-round.
1598 - First permanent settlement established at Sable Island, later abandoned.
1599 - Permanent settlement at Tadoussac, still inhabited today, the oldest French settlement in N. America.
1604 - Settlement at Île-Saint-Croix on Baie François (now on the Maine side of the Bay of Fundy). (Later abandoned)
The first areas settled were in l'Acadie (Acadia), which encompasses much of the Maritime Provinces and the New England states, but most especially Nova Scotia.
The First Nations in the area were Iroquoian and Algonquin people.
1608 - Samuel de Champlain, sponsored by King Henry IV of France, founds Québec City, the 2nd successful permanent French settlement in what is today Québec. (Tadoussac is the first). He brought 6 families, consisting of 28 people. The settlement grew very slowly.
20 years later, the settlement had only grown to 100 people. By 1640, it had only reached 300 people.
Champlain allied himself with the First Nations. He arranged for young men to live with the natives to learn the language and customs. These were the "Coureurs des Bois" (Runners of the woods) who would spread French culture and influence throughout New France.
English colonies to the south at this time were much more populous.
It seemed at times that France didn't really care too much about New France, and didn't put the necessary energy into growing and sustaining the colony. However, when Cardinal Richelieu came to power, he formed Compagnie des Cent-Associés (The company of 100 Associates) to invest in and exploit the New France colonies.
Champlain was named governor of New France. Richelieu mandated that ONLY Catholics could live in New France, so Protestants either converted, or emigrated south to the British colonies.
The British at this time began raiding the St. Lawrence valley.
From 1629-1632, the British captured and held Québec.
In 1642, France sponsored a new colony mission, which founded Montréal.
In the 1640s, Catholic missionaries penetrate deep into the Great Lakes region, converting the Huron people, and coming into conflict with the Iroquois.
The Iroquois attack Montréal frequently.
By the 1650s, Montréal only has a few dozen settlers.
1663 - Louis XIV makes New France a royal province, and sends a garrison to protect the cities.
He also sends 700 single women to the province, and it begins to grow and prosper.
In 1610, English explorer Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, and claimed it for the British.
In the years following, British traders and settlers begin moving in to the territories west and north of the French settlements.
French colonization, missionaries, voyageurs and coureurs des bois begin moving south into the Louisiana territory.
1689 - The English ally with the Iroquois, and begin to attack New France. Years of little skirmishes begin.
King William's War, the first of the French and Indian Wars (Seven Years' War in Europe).
1690 - Port Royal (now in Nova Scotia) and Acadia fall to the British.
1713 - Treaty of Utrecht is signed, bringing peace.
Newfoundland, part of Nova Scotia (Excluding Île Royale -- Cape Breton Island), and the Hudson Bay region were all ceded to the English.
The King's Highway is built, connecting Montréal and Québec City.
The number of colonists continues to grow rapidly.
The Catholic Church remains very much in power.
1744 - The British governor of Massachusetts leads an attack on Louisbourg (now on Cape Breton Island).
1758 - The British capture Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh), control of the Ohio river.
1759 - The Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Québec City is captured.
June 1759 - The British navy carried a powerful army to Québec City, led by General James Wolfe.
The army met French Regulars at the Plains of Abraham, at Québec City.
The battle lasted 30 minutes.
Five days later, Québec City surrendered.
By the next year, New France was completely conquered.
1760 - Montréal surrenders.
Feb. 10, 1763 - The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Seven Years' War.
France cedes all of New France: Canada, Cape Breton Island and Prince Edward Island to the British. The French only maintain control of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Most of the 70,000 francophones in the conquered region are not especially affected by the conquest.
The word "Canadien" (Canadian) was originally used by the francophone residents to distinguish themselves from the native French.
Immediately after the conquest, the British began to attempt to assimilate the Canadiens into British culture, force them to adopt British values, and make Canada a British colony.
The area was renamed the Province of Québec.
A British governor was appointed, British Law was imposed, the Church of England was established, and English schools began operation.
However, the attempts to assimilate the Canadiens was mostly unsuccessful, because >80% of the francophones lived in rural areas, and were not really touched by the British institutions founded in the cities.
The British believed that these Québécois, who were much more conservative than the British colonists to the south, would make a good buffer against the fomenting revolution to the south.
1774 - Québec Act of 1774 was passed by the British Parliament, in order to keep the Québécois mollified, and to buffer the British colonies.
- The territory of Québec was expanded to include all of the Great Lakes
- Stopped wholesale attempts at assimilation
- Replaced the parts of the oath of allegiance that referred to Protestantism to allow for francophone Catholics
- Reinstated French Civil Law for private matters
This Act granted the Québécois an identity and status under British law for the first time.
The Québec Act offended many British colonists to the south, and the act is listed as a grievance in the 1776 Declaration of Independence.
American Revolution begins.
1775 - Two American armies invade Québec and attack the British.
1783 - Treaty of Versailles - The U.S.A. is guaranteed the right to exist.
British Loyalists (Tories) from the U.S. migrate North into Québec and Nova Scotia. They complain bitterly about the many concessions which have been given to the Québécois.
The Québec Act was soon repealed, as it was no longer needed to entice the Québécois to remain loyal.
Québec lost all of its territory south of the Great Lakes.
1791 - The Constitutional Act of 1791 - Passed by the British Parliament
In deference to the anglophones, the province of Québec is divided into two colonies:
Upper Canada (now Southern Ontario)
and
Lower Canada (now Québec)
(TO BE CONTINUED)
Current events
-Every class period, we will begin with a discussion about current events in Québec.
Last week, Québec City's Armouries in the historic district burned to the ground. The beautiful and historic 1880s building belonged to the Federal government, not the city or province, and the fire has sparked a debate about who should pay to have the building restored. Separatists in Québec say that they do not want to pay to have the building restored, because it is federal property, and because it is a symbol of British colonialisation in Québec.
There is renewed debate in Montréal around the use of English in city and provincial services. Even though Québec is officially French monolingual, anglophones now outnumber francophones in Montréal, and controversy surrounds the governments' willingness to accommodate the English-speakers.
===================================================================
===================================================================
PART I
Historico-Institutional Context of Québec from "Nouvelle-France"
to the end of the Duplessis reign, 1534-1959
===================================================================
===================================================================
1534 - Jacques Cartier lands on the St. Lawrence River. He had been commissioned by King Francis I of France to find a western passage to Asia. Instead, he found (and named) Canada. Canada was the first province of the French colony of Nouvelle France ("New France").
Between 1534 and 1598, other French vessels -- especially fishing vessels -- began to explore the area and make alliances with the First Nations.
In 1564, the French also settled in Florida, at Fort Caroline, but the Spanish drove them out.
No passage to Asia was ever found, but fur was plentiful (especially valuable beaver fur), and so the French began to settle in Canada.
Trading posts began in the 1580s, but not inhabited year-round.
1598 - First permanent settlement established at Sable Island, later abandoned.
1599 - Permanent settlement at Tadoussac, still inhabited today, the oldest French settlement in N. America.
1604 - Settlement at Île-Saint-Croix on Baie François (now on the Maine side of the Bay of Fundy). (Later abandoned)
The first areas settled were in l'Acadie (Acadia), which encompasses much of the Maritime Provinces and the New England states, but most especially Nova Scotia.
The First Nations in the area were Iroquoian and Algonquin people.
1608 - Samuel de Champlain, sponsored by King Henry IV of France, founds Québec City, the 2nd successful permanent French settlement in what is today Québec. (Tadoussac is the first). He brought 6 families, consisting of 28 people. The settlement grew very slowly.
20 years later, the settlement had only grown to 100 people. By 1640, it had only reached 300 people.
Champlain allied himself with the First Nations. He arranged for young men to live with the natives to learn the language and customs. These were the "Coureurs des Bois" (Runners of the woods) who would spread French culture and influence throughout New France.
English colonies to the south at this time were much more populous.
It seemed at times that France didn't really care too much about New France, and didn't put the necessary energy into growing and sustaining the colony. However, when Cardinal Richelieu came to power, he formed Compagnie des Cent-Associés (The company of 100 Associates) to invest in and exploit the New France colonies.
Champlain was named governor of New France. Richelieu mandated that ONLY Catholics could live in New France, so Protestants either converted, or emigrated south to the British colonies.
The British at this time began raiding the St. Lawrence valley.
From 1629-1632, the British captured and held Québec.
In 1642, France sponsored a new colony mission, which founded Montréal.
In the 1640s, Catholic missionaries penetrate deep into the Great Lakes region, converting the Huron people, and coming into conflict with the Iroquois.
The Iroquois attack Montréal frequently.
By the 1650s, Montréal only has a few dozen settlers.
1663 - Louis XIV makes New France a royal province, and sends a garrison to protect the cities.
He also sends 700 single women to the province, and it begins to grow and prosper.
In 1610, English explorer Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, and claimed it for the British.
In the years following, British traders and settlers begin moving in to the territories west and north of the French settlements.
French colonization, missionaries, voyageurs and coureurs des bois begin moving south into the Louisiana territory.
1689 - The English ally with the Iroquois, and begin to attack New France. Years of little skirmishes begin.
King William's War, the first of the French and Indian Wars (Seven Years' War in Europe).
1690 - Port Royal (now in Nova Scotia) and Acadia fall to the British.
1713 - Treaty of Utrecht is signed, bringing peace.
Newfoundland, part of Nova Scotia (Excluding Île Royale -- Cape Breton Island), and the Hudson Bay region were all ceded to the English.
The King's Highway is built, connecting Montréal and Québec City.
The number of colonists continues to grow rapidly.
The Catholic Church remains very much in power.
1744 - The British governor of Massachusetts leads an attack on Louisbourg (now on Cape Breton Island).
1758 - The British capture Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh), control of the Ohio river.
1759 - The Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Québec City is captured.
June 1759 - The British navy carried a powerful army to Québec City, led by General James Wolfe.
The army met French Regulars at the Plains of Abraham, at Québec City.
The battle lasted 30 minutes.
Five days later, Québec City surrendered.
By the next year, New France was completely conquered.
1760 - Montréal surrenders.
Feb. 10, 1763 - The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Seven Years' War.
France cedes all of New France: Canada, Cape Breton Island and Prince Edward Island to the British. The French only maintain control of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Most of the 70,000 francophones in the conquered region are not especially affected by the conquest.
The word "Canadien" (Canadian) was originally used by the francophone residents to distinguish themselves from the native French.
Immediately after the conquest, the British began to attempt to assimilate the Canadiens into British culture, force them to adopt British values, and make Canada a British colony.
The area was renamed the Province of Québec.
A British governor was appointed, British Law was imposed, the Church of England was established, and English schools began operation.
However, the attempts to assimilate the Canadiens was mostly unsuccessful, because >80% of the francophones lived in rural areas, and were not really touched by the British institutions founded in the cities.
The British believed that these Québécois, who were much more conservative than the British colonists to the south, would make a good buffer against the fomenting revolution to the south.
1774 - Québec Act of 1774 was passed by the British Parliament, in order to keep the Québécois mollified, and to buffer the British colonies.
- The territory of Québec was expanded to include all of the Great Lakes
- Stopped wholesale attempts at assimilation
- Replaced the parts of the oath of allegiance that referred to Protestantism to allow for francophone Catholics
- Reinstated French Civil Law for private matters
This Act granted the Québécois an identity and status under British law for the first time.
The Québec Act offended many British colonists to the south, and the act is listed as a grievance in the 1776 Declaration of Independence.
American Revolution begins.
1775 - Two American armies invade Québec and attack the British.
1783 - Treaty of Versailles - The U.S.A. is guaranteed the right to exist.
British Loyalists (Tories) from the U.S. migrate North into Québec and Nova Scotia. They complain bitterly about the many concessions which have been given to the Québécois.
The Québec Act was soon repealed, as it was no longer needed to entice the Québécois to remain loyal.
Québec lost all of its territory south of the Great Lakes.
1791 - The Constitutional Act of 1791 - Passed by the British Parliament
In deference to the anglophones, the province of Québec is divided into two colonies:
Upper Canada (now Southern Ontario)
and
Lower Canada (now Québec)
(TO BE CONTINUED)
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Shouldn't that be >80% ?
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